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Man probably started running out of necessity, either to eat or to escape being eaten and running was always part of warfare and communication (Pheidippides, a messenger bringing news of battle - Pharaohs and noblemen of ancient Egypt having runners precede them to proclaim the importance of their master).
No one knows when running became a recreation but races of 3200m (4 laps between two pillars 800m apart) took place in Egypt 3800 B.C. Running was a part of the ancient Olympics; in fact for the first 13 Olympiads a sprint race was the only event, although longer races and other events were added to the programme over the years. The first Olympics were held in 776 B.C. and continued for almost 1200 years.
At first the Olympics were religious festivals honouring various gods and the idea of physical perfection, but over time contestants lost their religious ideals and winning money became the prime motivation.
Of course, running was important in many other cultures and there are records of Native Americans having races lasting several days.
In England the nobles of the 17th century took great pride in the running ability of their footmen, arranging races and betting heavily on "their man".
In the 16th century cross country was an integral part of the public school system with "hare and hounds" and "paper chases" popular events. By the 19th century professional running was popular, and betting was part of the attraction.
Professional runners (and walkers) of the time trained with steady runs plus time trials with long brisk walks a regular training activity. Many were training twice a day, so the practise of big mileage was common well before Lydiard.
The early part of the 20-century belonged to Europe and America. English and American training volumes were invariably low - 40 to 60 kilometres a week with up to 40 min steady runs and various rep sessions.
However the Finns took volume to a high level, often training twice a day. The Finns dominated distance running between the two world wars.
Through these years coaching was a rarity. Athletes trained themselves or, by the traditions of the day, the coach went unrecognised (Chariots of Fire - the hero was criticised because he employed a coach.)
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